The history of India and Pakistan is written in the Fire, since partition of both the countries, thousands of people died. Both the countries, India and Pakistan got independence in the year of 1947. Since, independence, some parts of the Northern India remain in conflict especially Kashmir and Punjab Province.
In this article, will look around the decades of discord war history between India and Pakistan.
Post Partition Conflict: 1947-1948
After independence from Britishers, India and Pakistan divided in 1947. During the partition, end numbers of innocent people died, Hindu’s were living in Pakistan and coming back to India for saving their lives. On the other hand, Muslims, especially from Northern Parts of India, believed their homeland is Pakistan now. Above all, Jammu and Kashmir became a flashpoint, and terrorists bombarded Kashmir, stating Kashmir is part of Pakistan. Later in 1948, the UN brokered a ceasefire.
India Pakistan War: 1965
Kashmir is an integral part of India and remains a conflict between India and Pakistan. In full scale war started between both the countries due to territorial disputes in Kashmir. After a long war, in January 1966, the Tashkent Agreement was signed for peace in the valley. The agreement brings back pre-war positions and the establishment of a peace framework.
Operation Brasstacks: 1986-1987
India conducted Operation Brasstacks with the aim to determine tactical nuclear strategy in Rajasthan from November 1986 to January 1987. Operation Brasstacks was the largest mobilization and involved approx. 5,00,000 troops. The other purpose was to conduct a series of assault exercises by the Indian Navy near Karachi, a Pakistan Naval Base. Furthermore, further diplomatic efforts contributed to the escalation of conflicts.
Third Indo-Pakistani War: 1971
The Third Indo Pakistani War between India and Pakistan had occurred during Bangladesh Liberation War in the then East Pakistan. The war started on December 3rd, 1971, and with the intervene of India, Bangladesh formed. In the 13th day of war, that begin with the Pakistan’s Operation Chengiz Khan, India got the upper hand. After the victory of India, the document of Instrument of Surrender was signed in Dacca. In this war, Bangladesh created from the Eastern Pakistan and on the Western Front, Indian returned the captured land of around 15,010 km2 as a gesture of goodwill in 1972 Simla Agreement.
Kashmir Insurgency: 1989
Since partition, Kashmir remains a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan. Pakistan is known for reaping terrorist and creating conflict in the Kashmir valley. The insurgent groups, can say, Kashmiri dissidents backed by Pakistan, launched an armed insurgency against the Indian Government. In 1989, the Kashmiri dissidents launched a series of strikes, demonstrations and attacks on Indian Government which further escalates. Further, India deployed a large number of troops to suppress the Kashmiri rebellion.
Kargil War: 1999
The Pakistan Troops disguised as terrorist, infiltrated the Kargil region of Jammu Kashmir. The objective was to cut the link off between Kashmir and Ladakh, so that the Indian troops isolate on the Siachen Glacier. But their dreams never come true, the Indian Army launched “Operation Vijay”, with full military force leading to intense combat. To support the Indian Army, Indian Airforce launched “Operation Safed Sagar”. The combat succeeds in the mission and re-establish the control in the territory and host India Flag. The conflict concluded with return to status quo along LoC.
Indian Parliament Attack: 2001-2002
The Indian Parliament was attacked on December 13th, 2021, by five Pakistan-based-Terrorist group Jaish-e-Mohammed. In this attack six Delhi Police personnel, two Parliament Security Service personnel, and a gardener died. The attack leads to a massive military standoff between India and Pakistan. Both nations mobilize troops along the border.
Mumbai Attack: 2008
The 2008 Mumbai Attack also referred as 26/11 was carried out by Pakistan based Islamist Organization Lashkar-e-Taiba. There were eight attacks happened in the Mumbai city wherein 175 people died and 300 injured. Out of 11 attackers, 9 were killed in the operation and only one attacked, Ajmal Kasab was abducted by the Indian Force. India accused Pakistan based terrorist group but avoided military confrontation. The diplomatic ties between India and Pakistan were strained. In the year 2025, the terrorist Tahawwur Rana brought back from the US jail to India.
Operation Ginger: 2011
In the year 2011, the India Pakistan Border Skirmish took place in the month of July and August. The Pakistani Border Team attacked Rajput Regiment and Kumao Regiment at Gugaldhar Ridge, Kupwara district. In this attack 6 Indian Soldiers were killed and two were beheaded. In retaliation, India conducted Operation Ginger, where Indian Commandos crossed LoC and laid claymore mines. In the ambush, Indian commandos attacked four of Pakistani Soldiers including JCO. The incident caused heightened tensions and calls for restraint from both sides.
Mendhar Sector Incident: 2013
Pakistani Army troops take the advantage of weather and killed two Indian Soldiers in Mendhar Sector at Rajouri district. The Pakistani troops mutilated body of one soldier. This incident roars the anger, thus, leads to intense skirmishes that leave 22 soldiers dead.
Uri Surgical Strike: 2016
On September 18th, 2016, four militants attack the headquarters situated at Uri district of Jammu and Kashmir. In the attack, 19 Indian Soldiers died while sleeping, as the attack happened at dawn. In retaliation, the Indian Army carried out Surgical Strike against terror camps based in Pakistan. In strike, India hit 9 locations across Pakistan Punjab Province and in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir. The operation was successful and the leader of the operation, Major Rohit Suri, was awarded the second highest peacetime gallantry award in 2017.
Balakot Airstrike: 2019
On February 14th, 2019, a convoy of Indian Security Personnels was attacked by the vehicle borne suicide bomber. In the blast 40 Central Reserved Police Force (CRPF) soldiers were killed and the country was in deep pain. The Pakistan based Islamist Terror Group; Jaish-e-Mohammed takes the responsibility of the attack. On 26th February, Indian Airforce retaliates, and 12 Mirage 2000 jets crossed LoC. The Jets bombarded Balakot, a terror camp based in Pakistan and killed around 300-350 militants. India shows the strength and also shared a proof of the airstrike to the world.
India-Pakistan Border Skirmish: 2020-21
The clashes broke out between India and Pakistan along the Line of Control in the region of Kashmir. In the series of clashes, a major exchange of gunfire and shelling along the LoC killed soldiers and civilians. In India, 9 soldiers and 6 civilians got killed, whereas, in Pakistan, 13 servicemen killed. After a gunfight for more than 3 months, on February 20021, a ceasefire agreement was reached.
Operation Sindoor: 2025
On April 22nd, the terrorist killed 26 innocent civilians asking their religion. The terrorist killed only men’s after asking them to tell their region and recite Kalma. When the Hindu’s didn’t tell so, they killed male members and shamelessly said “Ja k Modi ko Bata Dena”. After this incident the whole world share grief with India and accused Pakistan for cowardice attack. In retaliation, India conducted Operation Sindoor and killed major terror camps based in Pakistan. In the terror attack, around 100 terrorists killed and Pakistan Army, High Officials attended their funeral. After that a war was declared between India and Pakistan, and after 2hr. 45min of declaration of ceasefire, Pakistan broke the deal and attacked India. Finally on May 11th, 2025, a calm night was seen in India.
Final Thoughts
Pakistan is not a country whom we can trust and a ceasefire after Operation Sindoor was not a permanent solution. The statement shared by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi, that, “Any future act of terror will be considered an act of war against India”. Maybe by this statement Pakistan understood that this is New India and our forces are equipped with modern arms and ammunition, hence, refrain himself from any act of terror.